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Biology

Biology

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Biology at AS Level deepens understanding of the cell, biomolecules, genetics, and biodiversity. Students explore physiological systems in plants and animals, the role of enzymes, and the principles of inheritance and evolution. Emphasis is placed on scientific enquiry, analysis, and practical laboratory skills.

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Unit 1: Cell Biology

  • 1.1: Cell Structure (animal vs plant cells, organelles, magnification)
    1.2: Cell Membrane & Transport (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)
    1.3: Enzymes (structure, function, temperature/pH effects)
    1.4: Cell Division (mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle)

Unit 2: Biological Molecules

  • 2.1: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids (structure & functions)
    2.2: Water & its Biological Importance
    2.3: Testing for Food Substances (Benedict’s, iodine, biuret, ethanol test)

Unit 3: Human Physiology

  • 3.1: Digestive System (enzymes, absorption in small intestine, villi structure)
    3.2: Circulatory System (heart, blood vessels, blood composition)
    3.3: Gas Exchange (lungs, alveoli, breathing mechanisms, smoking effects)
    3.4: Nervous System (neurons, synapses, reflexes, sense organs)
    3.5: Excretion & Homeostasis (kidney structure, water balance, ADH, thermoregulation)
    3.6: Hormones & Endocrine System (insulin, adrenaline, thyroid, feedback mechanisms)

Unit 4: Plant Biology

  • 4.1: Photosynthesis (equation, chloroplasts, limiting factors)
    4.2: Transport in Plants (xylem, phloem, transpiration, translocation)
    4.3: Tropisms & Plant Hormones (auxins, phototropism, gravitropism)

Unit 5: Genetics & Evolution

  • 5.1: DNA Structure & Function (nucleotides, double helix, protein synthesis)
    5.2: Inheritance (Mendel’s experiments, dominant/recessive alleles, Punnett squares)
    5.3: Variation (continuous vs discontinuous)
    5.4: Evolution & Natural Selection
    5.5: Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (cloning, GM crops, insulin production)

Unit 6: Ecology & Environment

  • 6.1: Ecosystems (producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains/webs)
    6.2: Nutrient Cycles (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle)
    6.3: Human Impact on Ecosystems (deforestation, pollution, greenhouse effect, eutrophication)
    6.4: Conservation & Sustainable Development

Unit 7: Reproduction & Development

  • 7.1: Reproduction in Plants (flowers, pollination, fertilization, seed dispersal)
    7.2: Human Reproduction (male/female reproductive systems, menstrual cycle, fertilization)
    7.3: Development of Embryo & Placenta
    7.4: Contraception & STDs (HIV/AIDS, transmission, prevention)

Unit 8: Biotechnology & Modern Biology

  • 8.1: Microorganisms in Biotechnology (fermentation, antibiotics, food production)
    8.2: Genetic Modification in Agriculture & Medicine
    8.3: Ethical Issues in Modern Biology (cloning, stem cells, GMOs)

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