Description
Units
- Chemistry of Life: water’s properties (cohesion/adhesion, polarity), pH & buffers, macromolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids), structure–function, enzyme kinetics & environmental effects – 30 Qs.
- Cell Structure & Function: prokaryote vs. eukaryote, organelles & compartmentalization, membrane structure (fluid mosaic), transport (diffusion, osmosis, active transport), surface area:volume limits- 30 Qs.
- Cellular Energetics: ATP and energy coupling, cellular respiration (glycolysis → Krebs → ETC/chemiosmosis), photosynthesis (light reactions & Calvin cycle), regulation of metabolic pathways- 30 Qs.
- Cell Communication & Cell Cycle: signaling types (paracrine, endocrine, synaptic), receptors/second messengers, feedback & homeostasis, checkpoints, mitosis vs. meiosis, cancer- 30 Qs.
- Heredity: Mendelian genetics (monohybrid/dihybrid, probability), linkage & recombination, nondisjunction & chromosomal changes, pedigrees- 30 Qs.
- Gene Expression & Regulation: DNA structure/replication, transcription & translation, prokaryotic (operons) and eukaryotic regulation (epigenetics, transcription factors), biotechnology (PCR, gels, CRISPR)- 30 Qs.
- Evolution & Natural Selection: variation sources, selection (stabilizing/directional/disruptive), genetic drift, gene flow, Hardy–Weinberg modeling, speciation (allo/sympatric), phylogenetics & evidence- 30 Qs.
- Ecology: energy flow & trophic efficiency, biogeochemical cycles (C, N, P, H₂O), population dynamics (exponential/logistic, r/K), community interactions (niche, keystone spp.), succession, human impacts (climate change, invasive species, biodiversity)- 30 Qs.
